Det nye danske komma ligner til forveksling det engelske - det er jo
også meningen.
Brug denne huskeseddel med regler og eksempler i fremtiden.
Den vil hjælpe jer, men tro ikke det nye danske /engelske komma
er nemmere end det gamle danske - I skal stadig kunne skelne sætninger.
Sætninger kan opdeles i tre puljer:
a) hovedsætninger indeholder et Subject-element
og et Verb-element og kan stå alene;
b) bisætninger indeholder et S og et
V, men er underordnet andre sætninger - de kan ikke stå
alene/giver ikke mening
(nok) i sig selv;
c) elliptiske (ufuldstændige) sætninger
indeholder kun et S-element (og altså intet
V-element), men de
afgrænses alligevel af tegn (pas på ved imperativ/bydemåde
som er
en hovedsætning).
Eksempler. Hvilken af de tre kategorier tilhører nedenstående sætninger?
a) Hovedsætning - komma - hovedsætning
(signaleres ofte af: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)
b) bisætning - komma - hovedsætning
(navnlig hvis bisætningen er lang)
c) omkring parentetiske bisætninger (som kunne udelades
og hvor stemmen sænkes)
d) før/omkring anført direkte tale “som
står i citationstegn” (dansk bruger kolon)
e) i stedet for “and/og” ved opremsninger af mere end
to led (hvis leddene har samme vægt)
f) komma kan/bør i øvrigt indsættes hvor
det hjælper læseren/forståelsen, men behov for
mange kommaer tyder på et knudret sprog
(brug evt. også andre tegn som f.eks. parentes og
tankestreg) - se nedenfor om komma = pause
g) elliptiske sætninger markeres også med et tegn.
Undgå dem i almindeligt fremsættende sprog
(de hører talesproget til og træffes
mest i boulevardjournalisters smarte/ “livsnære” stil)
h) på engelsk sættes komma efter/omkring sætningsadverbier
(however, personally…)
i) altid komma foran “but/men”
Altså ikke komma foran bisætninger, heller
ikke omkring definerende (forklarende) bisætn.
Til gengæld er der ofte komma efter en bisætning
(på dansk skal der komma efter sidste bis.)
ET KOMMA BETYDER EN PAUSE
Et komma bryder sætningens rytme og skaber afstand mellem ordene.
Undgå derfor talesprogsagtige "indskud" der nok ville blive forstået
i samtale, men som kan forvirre din læser unødigt i skrift.
Omskriv!
Her er et par eksempler på at kommateringen kan ændre betydningen:
1. He sat on the back of a camel (,) smoking a pipe.
a) hvis der er komma, ryger han pibe;
b) hvis der ikke er komma, ryger kamelen
pibe.
(med andre ord: kommaet adskiller
kamelen fra piben)
2. The boy (,) said the policeman (,) was lying.
a) uden kommaer siger drengen at politibetjenten
lyver;
b) med (begge) kommaer siger politibetjenten at
drengen lyver.
(det dobbelte komma virker
som en parentes)
Derfor: sæt ikke komma bevidstløst, men lyt til udsagnet
-
og bestem derefter om/hvor der skal være komma.
Eksempler på blandede sætningstyper på
engelsk
Hvor skal der være komma? Svar nederst på siden.
a) When she was done she stayed on and hung out in the bakery
till she got tired of waiting.
b) “Go now” he said with a nod “and may your god be with you.”
c) The little mermaid who was just sixteen years old sat on a
granite rock.
d) The desk that has graffiti written all over it is Karin’s.
e) In his pockets the police found several interesting items:
a crowbar two knuckle dusters and
a minute chain saw for the more refined work
of a gentleman hoodlum.
f) The post mortem revealed that the woman had silicone implants
wore a wig and a wooden
leg. However nobody was surprised as
she had always tried to be special.
g) Even though his life was at risk he ventured down the slope
and took a good hold of the coat
of the little girl who by then was screaming
hysterically but when he tried to pull her up the
coat opened and she fell another few feet
towards the dark bottom of the canyon which he
could see only dimly as he had lost his flashlight
when he slipped the first time.
(5 eng. kommaer)
h) “She was only sixteen only sixteen and I loved her so.”
i) “Yo baby yo! You’re sixteen you’re beautiful and you’re mine.”
j) Where would you put the comma in the following telegram from
a wife to her husband in the
navy? “Not getting any better hurry
home.” (2 possibilities)
Her er svarene på kommatesten - men prøv selv før du læser dem:
a) When she was done, she stayed on and hung out in the bakery
till she got tired of waiting.
b) “Go now,” he said with a nod, “and may your god be with you.”
c) The little mermaid, who was just sixteen years old, sat on
a granite rock.
d) The desk that has graffiti written all over it is Karin’s.
e) In his pockets the police found several interesting items:
a crowbar, two knuckle dusters, and
a minute chain saw for the more refined work
of a gentleman hoodlum.
f) The post mortem revealed that the woman had silicone implants,
wore a wig and a wooden
leg. However nobody was surprised as
she had always tried to be special.
g) Even though his life was at risk, he ventured down the slope
and took a good hold of the coat
of the little girl, who by then was screaming
hysterically, but when he tried to pull her up, the
coat opened, and she fell another few feet
towards the dark bottom of the canyon which he
could see only dimly as he had lost his flashlight
when he slipped the first time.
h) “She was only sixteen, only sixteen, and I loved her so.”
i) “Yo, baby, yo! You’re sixteen, you’re beautiful, and you’re
mine.”
j) Where would you put the comma in the following telegram from
a wife to her husband in the
navy? “Not getting any better, hurry
home.” (or: Not getting any, better hurry home)
Not too difficult was it? When first you get the feel of it, punctuation should be no problem..
Good luck!
Erik Moldrup